The performance improvement is achieved by hybridizing a lead-acid with a lithium-ion battery at a pack level using a fully active topology approach. Therefore, this research study seeks to improve LABs’ performance in terms of meeting the required vehicle cold cranking current (CCC) and long lifespan. However, because of new additional features (i.e., enhanced electronics and start/stop functionalities) in these vehicles, LABs undergo deep discharges due to frequent engine cranking, which in turn affect their lifespan. Additionally, compared to a single use of LAB, the combined energy storage system shows superior performance.Ĭonventional vehicles, having internal combustion engines, use lead-acid batteries (LABs) for starting, lighting, and ignition purposes. The results show that the proposed BMS can help increase LAB lifespan and improve the storage capacity of the system, thus ensuring reliability. Hence, the unique contribution of the study is using an integrated fuzzy-logic and triple-loop-proportional-integral-based battery management strategy (BMS) to improve LAB performance in a wide range of vehicles with different battery capacities sizes. Whereas previously, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for use in a vehicle using a source of 50 Ah battery capacity was proposed. In this manuscript, we propose an extension application of a hybrid LAB and lithium-ion energy storage system (ESS) for a vehicle using a single source of 70 Ah and 90 Ah capacity. However, these LABs are faced with challenges of short lifespan and low storage capacity because of improved electronic systems in modern ICEVs. The majority of these vehicles use a lead-acid battery (LAB) for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) functions.

This challenge positions internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to remain a vehicle of choice.

He huge success of electric vehicles across the world is challenged by a lack of infrastructure and a major increase in battery material prices.

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